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Russian-made BM30 Tornado multi-barrel rocket launcher [data picture]

Russian-made BM30 Tornado multi-barrel rocket launcher [data picture]

　　For a long time, due to the media and reality, people are only familiar with the MLRS rocket launchers in the United States, while the rockets in the Soviet Union and Russia only stay in a one-sided understanding of the Stalin Organ. In fact, Russia now has the most comprehensive rocket launcher in the world-BM-30 tornado.

　　origin

　　After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union and Germany launched a life-and-death fight on the vast land of Russia. The German air-ground coordinated blitzkrieg and the Soviet continuous assault mode with wide front, large depth and strong firepower were verified and developed in the reciprocating confrontation.

　　The demand of war naturally brings the need of equipment technology progress. The essence of blitzkrieg is to penetrate into the enemy’s depth as soon as possible, and to intimidate the enemy to the maximum extent and deconstruct the enemy’s defense system. If the defensive side is on guard or the defensive line is tight and hierarchical, it will be difficult to achieve the effect of blitzkrieg (such as Moscow in 1941 and Kursk in 1943).

　　On the Soviet side, the theory of deep assault must meet two conditions in the attack to be effective: rapid breakthrough and deep maneuver. However, for the Germans who are good at making up the gap in the defense line quickly, the former is often difficult to work at one time.

　　In the operational theory of the Soviet Red Army during World War II, it was emphasized that a large number of concentrated artillery and frontline attack aviation firepower. At that time, the number of radio equipment of the Soviet Red Army was insufficient and its performance was not good, so it could not be equipped to grass-roots units. Naturally, there were no artillery advance observers (or fire guides) from the Western Allied Forces or Nazi German Army in the Red Army. Therefore, when the fire breaks through, we must strictly abide by the timetable stipulated in advance, otherwise it will lead to heavy accidental injury.

　　The artillery guidance of the American army, which is widely equipped with radios, can provide flexible and mobile real-time support for the frontline infantry in a wide battlefield space. Even private soldiers hiding in foxholes can intercept by radio calling the artillery at the rear.

　　Although the artillery of the Soviet Red Army projects more firepower per unit time than that of the United States, the Germans are more afraid of American artillery, because the Americans can concentrate most of the firepower on them, with little waste.

　　After the war, the Soviet artillery summarized the application of artillery in the Great Patriotic War, and also analyzed the artillery tactics and techniques of the German and allied forces in detail. These reports were written into the teaching materials of Soviet command colleges at all levels. When the new generation of Red Army commanders learned about the capabilities of foreign artillery, they also placed high hopes on their own artillery, hoping that they could accurately pour ammunition fired from different positions onto the same target at the same time.

　　However, the fire control system of Soviet barrel artillery could not meet this requirement at that time, so the Soviet army focused its hopes on rockets that could cover the accuracy with high-density ammunition. At the end of 1970s, with the Soviet army’s operational guiding ideology changing from attacking under the condition of large-scale nuclear assault to conventional assault, a new generation of large-caliber rocket launcher system focusing on accuracy began to be developed and put into service, first of all, the BM-28 hurricane (Uragan) 220mm 16-barrel rocket launcher (design bureau code 9K57). The range of hurricane system is twice as long as that of BM-21 hail (Qrad) system, but it still uses uncontrolled rockets, which is quite scattered. Later, the world’s most advanced Smerch)300 mm 12-barrel rocket launcher system appeared.

　　System composition

　　The design model of the tornado rocket launcher is 9A52, and the design bureau of the whole system is 9K58, which was developed by the Splav State Research and Production Association in Tula, Russia, which is also the developer of BM-21 and BM-28 rocket launcher systems.

　　The 9K58 system was designed and finalized in 1983, and entered the service in 1987. At first, it was 14 tubes. When it was first publicly exhibited at the Asian Defense Exhibition held in Kuala Lumpur in February 1990, it became the current 12-tube style.

　　Known as M1983 by NATO, this gun is the largest caliber rocket launcher in the Soviet Union (including Russia). It is mainly equipped with the Soviet Army’s long-range rocket artillery brigade. Each brigade has three battalions and three companies under each battalion, and each company is equipped with three 9A32 launch vehicles and one 9T234-2 loading-transport vehicle. There are 27 launch vehicles in the whole brigade.

　　The Tornado Rocket Brigade is mainly responsible for the fire support in the military combat area, suppressing and annihilating the effective forces and destroying armored targets and artillery companies. At the same time, it can also be strengthened to the main offensive axis divisions to improve the assault fire density and attack the front airports, military division command posts and warehouses of the frontal enemy group army.

　　In 1989, the more modern 9K58-2 system (known as Tornado -M in foreign arms sales) entered the front line and gradually replaced the old model, shouldering the burden of fire assault on enemy armored units, command centers and aircraft-dropped troops boarding sites within 20-70 kilometers of their own frontiers (the Soviet Union has always been very afraid of the US military’s helicopter leapfrog tactics, and emphasized the timely search and rescue of its troops and assembly sites in the tactical decrees of various arms) and air defense positions.

　　The 9K58-2 system was changed to a regiment-battalion system, and the whole regiment was assigned to 12 9A32-2 launch vehicles, 3 9T234-2 loading vehicles and 1 command vehicle. The cockpit of 9T234-2 loader is divided into two parts, which are located on both sides of the engine compartment, with the radiator of water tank in the middle. There are 12 rockets to be fired in the rear compartment of the cab, and a hydraulically driven loading crane is installed on the right side of the rear of the car body, with a rotating range of 50 degrees left and 90 degrees right, with a maximum lifting mass of 850 kg. When loading, the loading vehicle is docked with the rear of the launch vehicle, and the loading frame is hung at the rear of the directional launch tube of the launch vehicle for loading. Three operators can load 12 rockets into the launch vehicle within 20 minutes.

　　Soviet artillery has always attached great importance to the artillery command system. In order to give full play to the great potential of Tornado M system, the Alloy Design Bureau assigned a newly developed Vivari command and control vehicle to it by Kontur production joint venture, and equipped this system to all brigades with basic equipment.

　　The automatic shooting command system of the feeding cage attached to the tornado rocket launcher brigade (regiment) has been greatly improved on the basis of the previous old model, and has the ability to collect and analyze the target information, concentrate and plan the firepower of the whole brigade, and interact with various intelligence sources, which is basically similar to the Take Fire control and distribution system of the US Army M-270 system. The system is installed in 1K123 shooting command and control vehicle. The command vehicle adopts the chassis of Kamaz)-4310 off-road truck. In order to get rid of special power stations such as oil engines and transformer cars, a generator trailer is towed behind the command vehicle, which can generate electricity by itself, which is a great progress compared with the previous artillery command system. In order to ensure the commander’s comfort, the car is also equipped with air conditioning, filtering ventilation equipment and heating equipment, which can be used for continuous combat for 36 hours.

　　The command vehicle is equipped with two E-713 computers, comprehensive tactical situation display equipment, C3I terminal and secret communication encryption machine, which can distribute target trajectory data for each launch vehicle. Among them, the E-713 computer is the latest technology in Russia in the 1990s, and it is a special computer for curing programs, with high calculation speed and much smaller volume than the previous generation E-167 special ballistic computer.

　　Its combat software functions include: receiving, processing, storing, displaying and sending instructions; Report the position and preparation of combat troops upwards, convey attack instructions downwards, specify targets in the form of charts, and give suggestions on fire distribution; Formulate fire plans for concentrated attacks and attacks on enemy columns, and calculate coordinate azimuth; At the same time, the shooting data are calculated for six cyclone rockets, and meteorological reports are provided according to meteorological data. However, the RAM memory used to execute these programs is only 96K, and the ROM memory is 288K, which shows the profound mathematical skills of Russian software engineers.

　　In order to ensure strong command in frequent maneuvers, the command vehicle adopts two high-frequency radios and two very high-frequency radios, which can ensure reliable radio communication within a distance of 50 kilometers when moving and 350 kilometers when parking. The communication between the command vehicle and the launch vehicle is completed by R-173M VHF radio station, and the communication between the command workshop and the direction is carried out by P-171M10Y HF radio station, and the data exchange between lines is realized through radio relay stations and wired communication lines. If disturbed, the system can connect the standby communication channel within one second and switch to frequency hopping mode, which has strong confidentiality and anti-interference ability.

　　In addition, it is equipped with a satellite communication vehicle, which can communicate with superiors through communication satellites. In combat, the rocket launcher of the whole brigade (regiment) establishes a communication-data transmission network with the command vehicle as the central station, with 1-2 relay vehicles for forwarding and backup in the middle. The main command task is completed at the central station, but the relay vehicles can also intervene. When the central station is unable to command, the combat software automatically hands over the command to the relay vehicles.

　　This design actually makes the command structure of the tornado system into a flat mesh structure, rather than the tree-like vertical command mode of the Soviet Union. The command network can forward the information from C3I systems such as satellites and command centers in real time, or send the target data found by reconnaissance vehicles attached to grass-roots fire units to superiors for discrimination. Through this system, the superior commander can directly interact with a single launch vehicle, and different battalions can also transmit information to each other.

　　In fact, this arrangement has got rid of the tree-like command-communication-information exchange mode from top to bottom in the Soviet Red Army era, and is close to the US military’s Link data link network system. Therefore, it is unfounded for western countries to belittle the command mode of the Russian army blindly.

Today, read the story first and then talk about gossip. Do you still remember the "101 Girls Telling Stories" initiated by Digging Sauce? Every beautiful girl has her own story.

Recently, Digging Sauce received a story contribution from a sister named Jojo, who told a story with her mother. PS: The following illustrations are partly from the Internet.

Jojo said that on her wedding day, she watched her mother cry a lot, and her heart was full of sadness. She felt a twinge of sour nose when she thought of her mother’s broken heart over the years. Since childhood, the most she heard was "Mom doesn’t like it, don’t". When she grew up, she realized that she just wanted to keep something better for herself.

Now that I have grown up, wrinkles have crept onto my mother’s face. However, 30 years ago, she was also a girl ~

At that time, she would be wearing two braided hair, wearing fashionable bell-bottoms and newly bought flowered shirts and talking and laughing with her little sisters, talking about her new beautiful clothes, talking about the stars she was chasing, and talking about the boys she liked. The ignorant and beautiful youth was the youth that my mother didn’t often mention.

Then she met the boy who was meant to be, and began to dress up. All kinds of fashionable skirts, red and blue dresses, and dresses of various colors from the tailor’s shop. She will quietly save money to buy, and she will be happy and win the praise of her favorite boy.

After they experienced a dull and happy relationship, they went to the Civil Affairs Bureau to get a certificate. Mom said that after getting the certificate, she specially changed a beautiful cheongsam and had dinner with her father’s family. Amy’s mother felt that life must have a sense of ceremony.

From then on, I began a happy and sweet little life. Until two years later, I came to this world. With the surprise and the word "Meng Qiang", they began to take care of me carefully. I remember that when I was in kindergarten, my beautiful girl mother would pick me up on time every day. She always loved to wear colorful skirts and could see them at a glance, which was also my happiest time every day ~

Later, I grew up slowly and began to have my own life. My mother in my impression rarely dressed herself, and she put more energy into the trivial things of life.

After that, her happiest thing is not to buy a nice skirt, but to look forward to my coming home on holiday, but I don’t go home every holiday, and the world of flowers seems more attractive.

Later, I also met him and decided to walk into the marriage hall. I looked at my mother and me in the mirror the day before the wedding, and suddenly I felt that I was a little like my mother decades ago. But my mother around me, I have known this woman for 30 years. She seems to have changed nothing but seems to have changed a lot. What has never changed is that she has always been good to me. What has changed a lot is that she seems to have given me all the goodness in her body.

So I have a dream. I want to restore my mother’s beauty. When I was a child, I wanted to be a big star. Now I only want to imagine my mother.

(Image from the Internet)

After the story is finished, as Jojo said, mothers used to be girls, and with the passage of time, they transferred that girl’s face to us. Although her face is no longer beautiful, it is also their greatest happiness to watch her daughter become a slim girl.

I also made a decision to help Jojo realize her dream and restore her mother’s beauty ~

Think about mothers’ girlhood, which was mostly spent in the 1980s and 1990s. Now there are also many bloggers who restore the retro style. For example, Tik Tok’s popular "Twenty years ago, my mother’s skirt" was changed, and the video hostess was Keiko, the goddess of socks in Tik Tok. Although she was sprayed while dancing before, this change was quite meaningful.

There is also a beautiful girl, Xu Qingtian, who ironed a hairstyle that can directly dance disco for the elderly after digging sauce, but she is very foreign after ironing. Put on a retro makeup with a retro sweater. I guess she’s a beauty who crossed over, just like the heroine of Return to Twenty.

The same is true of autumn, from makeup to shoes.

It’s like crossing back to the shutter that was pressed for her before.

With the help of clothes, she is a great beauty of the times.

And bet Shapian’s hair and makeup won.

Let the sauce dig instantly remind me of this old hair dryer.

Of course, the filter is sweet, which is important, just like XY is not a coordinate axis. Add a filter with a sense of the times from the perspective of the times, and restore the classics.

However, on the whole, everyone pays more attention to retro from makeup to accessories to filters.

So if mom’s clothes in that era were matched with modern makeup and ordinary filters, what would be special? Today, Qiao Qiao was invited to dig the sauce.# Turn out mom’s wardrobe with modern makeup #Plan, help her realize her little wish, help us raise our eyes ~

Let me introduce Jojo, who is 170 in height and 105 kg in weight. He is a Gemini. A girl with multiple personalities who can accompany you to the mountains and the sea like a little boy, or chat with you in a serious way about literature and geography, and be gentle and touching with you like a little princess.

First of all, I invited the flower baby in Dongba District to give her the popular freckle makeup. Although there is no big double eyelid and V face that are popular now, (see below, there is even a lost face without PS picture), but the overall collocation of the five senses is very comfortable, and then I curled my hair with an egg roll clip and turned into a beautiful girl with super atmosphere.

To get to the point, the classic designs of mothers’ clothes at that time, from the day of birth to the classic again, are still not inferior, such as bell-bottoms and flowered shirts that people pursue freedom and liberation. So this time, Jojo’s first set was the bell-bottoms and flower shirts of her mother’s time.

NO.1 flower shirt bell bottoms, retro trend.

The classic red and blue match really exists in the memory of our generation of children. The following photo of Jojo was taken squatting with sauce, but her feet were taken as 40 yards without pulling her legs. I wanted to shrink my feet but the lines on the wall were crooked, so I finally gave up Liao ~

Bell bottoms in those days were a kind of pants with short crotch, tight top and loose bottom, and tight cut at hips and thighs. After wearing it, the buttocks are tightly wrapped, like an inverted horn, which generally covers the heels. Walking like a broom sweeps the floor is particularly "cool". This kind of trousers was originally designed by French Paris fashion designers with reference to the British navy uniform. In order to prevent seawater and water from washing the deck from flowing into the boots, the sailors increased the width of the trouser legs, thus forming a tight top and a wide bottom. In 1960s, the American rock star Elvis Presley pushed bell bottoms to the world and became the object of imitation by young people all over the world.

I remember that the bell bottoms worn by mothers at that time were all matched with big-headed leather shoes, and they must also cover the big-headed leather shoes. However, most of the improved bell-bottoms are only ankle-length, and they can be matched with their favorite shoes at will.

Jojo is paired with a pair of converse canvas shoes and big circle earrings which are necessary for fashionistas. They are not only the favorite clothes of mom’s days, but also the clothes that will not be worn against the will when walking down the street now. Visually, when walking in Sanlitun, they will be taken by street photographers ~ The photos without filters and PS are like this.

And this one, micro-single shooting, zero-P picture, A explosion!

When Jojo changed clothes, he dug the sauce and patted it.

Holding the caught doll (Nengxin in one hand) is suspected of concave shape.

If you want to adjust it to retro style, it’s ok. For example, the original picture is cool and the indoor light is dark, so the brightness and contrast are fine-tuned with ps to make the photo warm.

You can also try the "Mong Kok" filter in the light color camera, and the value can be turned to 70, which can also achieve retro style.

Or add the vertigo filter that is very popular this year to mix and match the party girl.

Vsco is also acceptable. The following filter parameters: vsco filter J5, hue +1.4, grain +2.5, fading +4.3.

However, this kind of trousers especially highlights the leg shape, and it is a hard injury to put on the sauce with short legs. Jojo’s real legs can only be described in three words: straight and long and thin. Digging for sauce and taking pictures of her are full of envy, and everyone matches them according to their personal situation.

NO.2 classic red, white and black, full of nostalgia

The second set is a red dress with pearl buttons. I remember that the mother who dug the sauce had a cowboy blue dress. I don’t remember what shoes she matched. Should it be black leather shoes or black button shoes? This time, Jojo was equipped with the popular white sandals and red earrings, and the feeling of her mother’s girlhood immediately appeared.

And it won’t be strange to walk in the street. You can wear it to work and go shopping.

?

NO.3 Emerald dress, with sandals, also has a unique flavor.

This kind of dress is also super memory! There is always a set of dresses hanging in the tailor’s shop, all kinds of colors, mostly gray. Remember to put them on every time something happens when digging sauce. Jojo chose an emerald.

Press the shutter, is it like when my teenage mother went out on a date?

Empty eyes, as if waiting for someone.

However, this dress is a little wrinkled because it has been left for too long. I can’t find an iron after digging for the sauce. If you attend a retro party or restore your mother’s beauty like Jojo, it will look better if you iron it and take pictures.

NO.4 retro improved cheongsam, women’s curves and customs

Finally, she wore a cheongsam placed by her mother, with the design of broken flowers on the blue background, with big earrings that girls love now and casual combing, which was cool, handsome and elegant. She said that if her mother was her age, it would be almost the same state ~

It’s more memorable when it’s black and white.

Or girls can tie up their hair at will with fashionable silver earrings and sneakers.

Mix and match ancient and modern, with infinite charm.

In short, memories are always beautiful, and time flies. Even if my mother’s face is no longer, we should restore her beauty together ~

Ok, I’m done. Which one do you like best? Digging sauce believes that Jojo’s gift to her mother will be the best gift in her life, and I also believe that if she has a daughter in the future, her daughter will inherit her beauty.

After all, fashion is a reincarnation. Even fashion experts who like the new and hate the old can’t resist the infinite charm of retro trends. After 20 years, I don’t know if it will continue to be popular ~